A blog on the correct use of ‘ng’ and ‘nang’ is something I have been planning to do for sometime. But other things got on the way which relegated this idea on the background.

Given the increasing popularity of Tagalog / Filipino not only in the blogosphere but even in real community life, I think we can now pursue the idea.

I did a quick search on Google and Yahoo just to make sure we are not replicating what is already available on the web, and here is what I found:

Wikipedia’s Palabaybayan ng Filipino – My comments: Although not directly relating to the subject, still it is a good reference for those who would like to know more about the Filipino language. The discussion like other Wikipedia pages is very scholarly.

Answers.com’s Wastong gamit ng ng at nang? - My comments: I find Answer’s Q&A on the subject reasonable, but may not be adequate to fully grasp the nuances of ‘ng’ and ‘nang’.

Yahoo Groups’ Re: Nang vs. Ng - My comments: The discussions and examples are limited.

I also found forums with threads on the subject, but I am not ready to recommend them. They are either fragmented or incomplete. Some are even confusing. As one would expect, the threads do not provide definitive, let alone authoritative, answers.

I emailed Ezzard R. Gilbang and Raul Funilas who I know are excellent resource persons on the subject as Ka Ezzard and Tata Raul are known in emanilapoetry’s writers circle for their poems mostly written in Tagalog.

I am very glad that they responded. I quote below their email responses. Thanks to them, I think we have now a handy reference page on the correct use of ‘ng’ an ‘nang’ – at least here in emanila.

Ka Ezzard’s
Wastong Gamit: Ng o Nang

Ang nang ay ginagamit na -

1. Kasingkahulugan ng noong

Halimbawa:
Nang kami’y bata pa, naglalaro kami habang umuulan.
Maliit ang pagtingin niya sa akin nang ako’y hindi niya lubusang nakikilala.

2. Kasingkahulugan ng upang

Halimbawa:
Magpakasipag tayong lahat, nang lahat tayo’y umunlad.
Kailangang maghandang mabuti, nang makapasa.

3. Kung pinagsamang na at ang o na at ng o ng na at na:

Halimbawa:
Labis nang paghihirap nito < Labis na ang paghihirap nito
Napariwara nang tuluyan < Napariwara na ng tuluyan
Tumigil ka nang manigarilyo < Tumigil ka na na manigarilyo

4. Kung nagsasaad ng paraan o sukat:

Halimbawa:
Lumakad man sila nang paluhod ay walang kabuluhan.
May anim nang talampakan ang kaniyang taas.

5. Kung pang-angkop ng pandiwang inuulit:

Halimbawa:
Nagsaya nang nagsaya ang lalaking haling.
Ang mga inanyayahan ay tumanggi nang tumanggi.

Ginagamit naman ang ng –

1. Kung sinusundan ng pangngalan :

Halimbawa:
Saan mang dako ng daigdig, may mga hidwaan.
Ang mga nanunugkulang ito ay produkto ng paaralan.

2. Kung sinusundan ng pang-uri:

Halimbawa:
Nagtataglay ng mapanghalinang mata ang babaeng iyon.
Nang makatulog ng mahimbing, nangyari ang insidente.

3. Kung sinusundan ng pamilang o pagkatapos ng mga pariralang pang-ukol na nagsasaad ng puwesto o lugar (loob, labas, kabila, gilid, dulo, palibot, atbp):

Halimbawa:
Maraming paksa ang tatalakayin, kumuha ka ng dalawa.
Sa palibot ng bulwagan ay naghihintay ang mga panauhin.

Tata Raul’s
Tamang Paggamit ng NANG at NG

(Halaw ni Tata Raul Funilas sa Filipino ng mga Filipino ni Virgilio S. Almario)

Ang NANG ay ginagamit kapag dini-describe kung paano ginawa o naganap ang isang bagay o pangyayari. Madalas, sina-sandwich ito bilang tagapag-ugnay sa pagitan ng isang verb (pandiwa) at adjective o adverb (pang-uri).

In other words, ganito: Verb + NANG + Adverb/Adjective

Halimbawa,
1. makatulog NANG mahimbing
2. tumawa NANG walang-pangingimi

Ang NANG ay ginagamit din bilang pantukoy sa isang sitwasyon, i.e. bilang katumbas ng WHEN sa Ingles.

Halimbawa,
1. NANG makatulog ang nanay ni Bing
2. NANG tumawa ang mga duwende

On the other hand, ang NG naman ay ginagamit bilang possessive modifier sa isang sentence.

Halimbawa,
1. Ang pisngi NG Macabebe
2. Ang siga NG Tondo

Ginagamit rin ang NG bilang pantukoy sa mismong object ng sentence.

As in ganito:
1. Binaha NG asupre
2. Nagnakaw NG puto

Subukin nating i-apply ang mga example sa itaas at ganito, halimbawa, ang kalalabasan:

1.

NANG tumawa ang mga duwende
NANG walang-pangingimi,
Binaha NG asupre
Ang pisngi NG Macabebe.

2.

NANG makatulog NANG mahimbing
Ang nanay ni Bing,
Nagnakaw NG puto
Ang kilabot NG Tondo.

Sa mga nais matuto, lima (5) lamang ang dapat tandaang tuntunin sa paggamit ng “nang.”

1. Kasingkahulugan ng “noong”.

Umaga nang barilin si Rizal.

Nang umagang iyon ay nagkasakit si Pedro

2. Kasingkahulugan ng ” upang” at ” para’.

Sa mga Espanyol, dapat barilin si Rizal nang matakot ang mga Pilipno

Dapat dalhin si Pedro sa ospital nang magamot.

3. Bilang pinagsamang “na” at “ng”.

Sa mga Filipino, sobra nang lupit ng mga Espanyol.

Sobra nang hirap ang inabot ni Pedro.

4. Nagsasabi ng paraan o sukat.

Binaril si Rizal nang patalikod.

Namayat nang todo si Pedro dahil sa hika.

5. Bilang pang-angkop ng inuulit na salita.

Barilin man nang barilin si Rizal ay hindi siya mamamatay.

Ginamot nang ginamot si Pedro para gumaling.

Do you see any differences between the responses of Ka Ezzard and Tata Raul?

What do you think of their “tutorials”? Will be happy to hear from you.

NOTE: This article first appeared on A Matter of Sharing blog.

Speaking of dignity, self-respect, the instinct of national preservation through the defense of one’s own national language and national sovereignty, we need to point out as an example the recent rejection of U.S. Statehood with all its publicized “dollar benefits” on the part of the majority of  Puerto Ricans in a recent national plebiscite they held on December 13, 1998.

Like Cuba and the Philippines, Puerto Rico was grabbed by the U.S.A. from Spain in 1898 which explains the common Hispanic language and culture shared by these three former Spanish oversea provinces.

Of these three countries, it is the Philippines that should be fervently invited by the U.S.A. to become one of its States, possibly the 51st U.S. State, because unlike Cuba and Puerto Rico it is the Philippines that has odiously and foolishly discarded the Spanish language as an official language, inspite of purportedly honoring a national hero like José Rizal who wrote his nationalistic MESSAGE in Spanish.

And, it is also a slavishly neocolonial  Philippines that is even destroying its own native languages, primarily Tagalog, by officially ramming into them the English-Taglish Alphabet.

Choosing the wrong country

But, vile humiliation of vile humiliations, it is Puerto Rico, and not the Philippines, that is being benevolently retained by the U.S.A. as “a free Associate State” with the expectation that it may freely accept U.S. Statehood as evidenced by the latest “non-binding” plebiscite it held with the result that the Puerto Ricans have unbelievably rejected U.S. Statehood.

We say “unbelievably rejected” because as one of the nearly 80 million Filipinos by birth, this writer is almost sure that if a similar plebiscite were held today in the Philippines, the possibility of accepting and voting for U.S. Statehood on the part of Filipinos can be overwhelming.

That overwhelming vote for U.S. Statehood can be clearly discerned by the daily long line of Filipinos applying to immigrate to the U.S. mainland as well as the likewise long line  (pila or fila) to go to any part of the vast U.S. territory, like Guam or the former Hawaii, (now the 50th State), and stay there even as one more TNT (Tago-ng-Tago) or overstaying alien with the hope of at last becoming a U.S. citizen even if  a fourth class one because of skin, color and face.

Then, there is the case of the Filipino veterans that fought America’s war in Asia in the 1940s. These Filipino veterans are still waiting for  a magnanimous grant of  U.S. citizenship, which they can not pass on to their descendants. They are also waiting, and literally dying, for whatever pension crumbs that have been promised them since over fifty years ago.  Many of them have really died in their old age while waiting in vain.

Yet, unlike the Puerto Ricans, who don’ t easily take to talking in Americanese English, Filipinos have never been offered Statehood or a deal like the Puerto Rican’s “Estado Libre Asociado.”

A bastardized Filipino national language

What then is the point behind the continued imposition of English as the primary official language of this country and as the principal medium of instruction in most levels of Philippine education while Tagalog, which is the basis of Filipino is being brazenly bastardized and deliberately mongrelized so that, under the name “Filipino national language,”  it will be another lowly pidgin like the present-day official languages of Papua New Guinea (Tok Pisin), the New Hebrides or Vanuatu (Bislama) and the Solomons (Pijin) ?

And to their credit, one of the reasons why the majority of Puerto Ricans rejected U.S. Statehood, for the nth time, is the preservation of their native language (Spanish) from the genocidal onslaught of U.S. sectarian non-Catholics (the WASPs of the SIL prototype) that insist in imposing upon them their English language under the guise of appearing as “educators,” “linguists,” good natured “Protestant missionaries,” “Peace Corpse volunteers,” and “social workers” fielded with CIA’s USAID funds.

Those interested in making a deeper study on how English was unjustly imposed upon Puerto Ricans and Filipinos should read for starters “La Americanizacón de Filipinas: La
imposición del Idioma Inglés en el Período 1898-1901,” by Alfonso L. García Martínez, from a separata of the Review of the College of Lawyers of Puerto Rico, Vol. 43, May 1982, No. 2, Pages 237 to 270.

Imposing English is ‘cultural atrocity’

It is also worthy to note, that the Americans could not impose English in Cuba as they so brazenly did force it upon the more trusting Filipino people.

The Spanish daily magazine newspaper, ABC, from Madrid, Spain, reported  in its editorial, page 3 of February 9, 1991 the following:

“Hundreds of thousands of persons went out to the streets these days in Puerto Rico in defense of Spanish as the legitimate expressión of their collective identity. The rejection of English as an Official Language by the majority, as manifested by ample sectors of Puerto Rico’s civil society, has had two consequences:

“One, the strengthening of the position taken by the island’s former Governor, Rafael Hernández Colón, who made Spanish as the sole Official language of Puerto Rico during his mandate, and…

“Two, to denounce the ‘cultural atrocity’ intended by the new Governor of the Island, Pedro Rosalló, to impose English as the island’s Official language when only eleven percent of Puerto Ricans speak it with the detail that the majority of those that speak English do not even do so fluently.”

How admirably and edifyingly different are the Puerto Ricans, with regard their noble defense of their own language. On the other hand the present-day Filipino “linguists” of the “Kumisyon ng Filipino” and certain DECS “educators” and most  particularly, certain Tagalogs themselves like one writer and poet, certain politicians and even Tagalog movie actors, producers and directors and Tagalog-Filipino language  teachers, leave much to be desired. Most of these mentioned have never offered any objection at all to the ramming in of the English-Taglish Alphabet, syllabication and spelling, into their own  Tagalog language. They have pusillanimously kept silent, bowed their heads in fear and in shame without having raised an objection  even if only to up-hold the dignity of Francisco Balagtás and that of the Tagalog language itself as the basis of  Filipino, the national language of  our people.  Is it because they do not know any better?

Where is our national dignity?

To make matters worse, the referred to Tagalog language “leaders” we describe even appear to have subserviently thanked SIL, the apparently interfering neocolonial entity, in a book such as the “Diksiyunaryo English-Filipino” for what might just be an undue and wrong linguistic intervention, or influence, into the very basis of the Tagalog-Filipino language such as its Alphabet.

Such incomprehensible, albeit cowardly and treacherous, acquiescence, committed behind the back of, and without the knowledge of the vast majority of Tagalogs in particular, and Filipinos in general, must surely have a corresponding punishment. And this punishment must come from what we understand as the dignity of all Filipinos, particularly the Tagalogs, the Ilocanos, the Kapampañgans, all the Visayans, the Muslims, the Bicolanos, the Cordillera peoples, the Chabacanos of Cavite, Zamboanga, Ternate and Basilan with all those who are also Spanish-speaking, the Mindanao Lumad and Lutao-Samal peoples, etcétera, since this is a blatant cultural atrocity being committed against all of them in their dignity and rights as Filipino nationals!

And the best punishment is the collective rejection of the English language both as an Official language as well as the English alphabet that is being forced in as the Alphabetical basis of Filipino, the national language. Filipinos who really love their own national language in Tagalog-based Filipino, aside from their own native languages, should also move for the restoration of Spanish as a regular subject in all levels of our education and as one of our official languages in the next constitutional amendment being proposed because we can never honestly deny that Spanish is the other parent-language of Tagalog, of Bisaya, of Ilocano and of all the other native languages of these islands.

Filipino is enslaved in his own country

So, the Tagalog individual in particular, and the Filipino individual in general, is now being made to look like a senseless yokel with regard to his own national language and everything is fine.

This happens because that same Filipino yokel is still being taught from the primary grades that all Spanish Conquistadores and Friars are really bad people out of a vile sectarian bias and prejudice that is now standard and official practice.

To effect such a kind of disorientation, the history of this country is also being deliberately twisted and “revised” by the same forces of that same neocolonial agenda of  sectarian hate, arrogance, intolerance and racial discrimination.

Yet, we are repeatedly told through all media that we need to “celebrate” the centennial of our independence and freedom as a people when our own national language is deliberately being subverted by an evil and unsolicited foreign sectarian influence.

Now, if that harm has  been done to both the language and history of the Filipino people, with Filipinos not being enabled to properly think and answer back, the same neocolonial and sectarian power must also believed, and thought, that it can brazenly ram into Tagalog-Filipino its unphonetic and inferior Alpahabet and language system without any Filipino standing up to them.

Yet, we are being bombarded from radio and TV that the Philippines has just  proudly celebrated its first centennial of freedom from Spain at a time when the Filipino is being enslaved and pushed around, both linguistically and economically, even in his own language and in his own country. So, what else is new?

28 August 2001
emanila*pilipino

Editor’s Notes: Although this article was published more than seven years ago, we believe the issues raised in this commentarty are as current as they were when the article was first published.

One of the objectives of the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language is to encourage the use of Spanish in the Philippines.

The fact is that Spanish is no longer spoken in the Philippines, and we, the Filipino Hispanists, are looking for ways of making Spanish accessible, so to speak, for the Filipinos.

One way is through Chabacano, one of the Philippine dialects that is closest to the Spanish language in syntax and vocabulary, more so than the other Philippine dialects.

In fact, Chabacano is some sort of a watered down Spanish, a kind of Spanish referred to as Creole or “Pidgin” Spanish.

For us, members of the Academy, if we want to reach our objective of broadening the horizons of Spanish in the Philippines, and hopefully, making it again an official and spoken language as it once was in our history, perhaps teaching Spanish in schools by way of Chabacano might be considered a possibility. Of course, this method could cause frowns among Spanish purists in the Philippines or even academics of the Spanish language around the world.

At one time, Spanish was considered in the Philippines as the language of the learned, and not of the masses. We see this in the whole concept of the “ilustrado” in our 19th century history. However, in the 21st century, we are no longer living in this era of the “enlightenment”. Democracy and the masses are the radical elements of the 20th and the 21st century. We can no longer live in our ivory towers; it is necessary to go down to the masses and simplify the Spanish language in order to make it accessible to the common person, and not only to the intellectuals.

What I have proposed in the past and even upto this day is to create an easy grammar based on Philippine dialectology. A massive problem in the Spanish syntax is, as in any Romance language bases on Latin and Greek, is the complexity of the verb structure. What has to be done, which is really what the Chabacano verb is all about, is a simplified form of the temporal and personal verbal conjugations.

In Tagalog, Chinese or most Asian languages, temporal conjugations aren’t used when adverbs of time are already in a sentence. Thus, like Chinese or Tagalog, we can simplify the verbal conjugation by leaving the verb in the infinitive, and just adding the adverb of time to specify the temporal element. Of course, the subject of the verb, as in Tagalog, would be essential.

A parallelism would be such: in Tagalog, we would say “Kakain ako bukas” (I eat [am eating] tomorrow) and “kakain ako ngayon” (I eat today). The simplified version which would parallel both English and Tagalog expressions would be: Yo comer manana( I eat tomorrow ) and Yo comer hoy (I eat today). In other words, students won’t have to worry about the future of “comer” which is “comere” or “como” (present 1st person singular).

This “easy grammar” concept is practiced in Chabacano which follows the tradition of oriental languages in concept. An important factor is identifying the subject; in Spanish or Latin, the pronominal subject is optional; it is only put for emphasis. In Philippine dialects, as in most Asian languages, the subject of the sentence, whether it be a noun or pronoun, is essential.

The word “come” in Chabacano is the corrupted form of the infinitive “comer”, and therefore, is used in all conjugated instances, whether past, present or future. Thus, “vos come”, “ella come”, “tu come”, etc.

What I have jsut briefly described is one simple example of how we should simplify and make Spanish flexible for the Filipino through the use of Chabacano, and therefore, encourage students to learn Spanish knowing that Filipino dialects are offsprings of Spanish.

I hope that in the future, Philippine universities would offer courses of this nature in order to appreciate Philippine dialects as they relate to Spanish.

*** This article was originally posted at emanila.com on Jan 4, 2003. It was sent in to us by Alberto D. Hernandez of Barcelona, Spain who requested to have it reprinted from Revista Filipina (a magazine about the Hispanic-Filipino world in Spanish). The magazine is directed by Edmundo Farolan, a member of the Philippines Academy of the Spanish Language.